نمونه ترجمه تخصصی پرستاری درباره تزریق زیرجلدی

Subcutaneous injection

A subcutaneous injection is administered as a bolus into the subcutaneous layer of skin directly below the dermis and epidermis and above the muscle (Ansel et al, 2002). This region is rich in capillary blood supply, but relatively devoid of large blood vessels, nerves, and bones. Absorption of medications via the subcutaneous route occurs by slow diffusion into the capillaries (Mallett and Dougherty, 2000) to promote systemic drug action (Ellis and Bentz, 2007). Subcutaneous injections are a relatively convenient way to deliver medication that would otherwise be absorbed too slowly or made ineffective if given by alternative routes. Subcutaneous injections may be given either by manual syringe, pen injectors, syringe drivers, infusion or jet infusions sets (Cefalu, 2004). This paper sets out to discuss the most appropriate sites and techniques for the administration of subcutaneous injections to children, based on current evidence-based practice focusing on manual syringe and pen injectors, which are the predominately used methods for delivering subcutaneous injections. Annersten and Willman (2005) conducted a review on performing subcutaneous injections to identify the scientific foundation for the technical performance of subcutaneous injections. This review included a search in databases and a screening process at abstract level. One hundred and two abstracts were reviewed worldwide and disappointingly only 38 articles met their assessment criteria for quality and covered information on dose, location and complications of subcutaneous injection’s to adults and children. They concluded that the scientific foundation for the technical performance of the subcutaneous injection is weak. This review demonstrates the lack of evidence-based practice in relation to the differing elements of subcutaneous administration of medication; it did however indicate that the amount of subcutaneous fat and appropriate needle length are of high importance for the drug to reach the target tissue. They recommended that further research regarding effective subcutaneous injection technique is needed (Annersten and Willman, 2005). This paper, while acknowledging the deficit in evidence-based practice, offers a examination of a variety of literature published in this field.